ibps afo mains previous year paper 2013

ibps afo mains previous year paper 2013 with answers and detailed explanation of each option very important for the upcoming IBPS AFO exam and NABARD exam

IBPS AFO mains previous year question paper

1. Which of the following activities is not included in direct agricultural finance?

(1) Purchase of cow

(2) Cultivation of crops

(3) Storage of agricultural produce

(4) Purchase of wasteland for production of crops

(5) Purchase of tractors for farmers

Answer:

Option (3): Storage of agricultural produce

Explanation:

Direct agricultural finance refers to the financial services provided directly to agricultural producers to help them with their agricultural activities. These activities typically include those directly involved in the production process or those which directly support the production process.

=>GET IBPS AFO BOOKS <=

Option (1): Purchase of cow

• Explanation: This falls under direct agricultural finance as it is directly related to livestock farming, which is a part of agricultural activities.

Option (2): Cultivation of crops

• Explanation: This is a core agricultural activity and is definitely included in direct agricultural finance because it involves the actual production of crops.

Option (3): Storage of agricultural produce

• Explanation: While storage is related to agriculture, it is considered part of post-harvest management rather than a direct agricultural activity. Storage is a step after production and is often classified under agricultural infrastructure rather than direct agricultural finance.

Option (4): Purchase of wasteland for production of crops

• Explanation: This is included in direct agricultural finance because the purpose of the purchase is to bring the land under cultivation, which is a direct agricultural activity.

Option (5): Purchase of tractors for farmers

• Explanation: This also falls under direct agricultural finance as tractors are essential tools for the cultivation and management of farmland, directly supporting agricultural production.

2. VAM is an alternative to inorganic fertilizer. VAM is

(1) Azospirillum

(2) Mycorrhiza

(3) Phosphate solubilising bacteria

(4) Nitrogen fixing bacteria

(5) Azotobacter

Answer:

Option (2): Mycorrhiza

Explanation:

VAM stands for Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, which is a type of mycorrhizal fungi that forms a symbiotic relationship with the roots of most plants. These fungi help in the absorption of water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, from the soil, making them an effective alternative to inorganic fertilizers.

Option (1): Azospirillum

• Explanation: Azospirillum is a genus of bacteria that is known for its ability to fix nitrogen. While it is beneficial for plants, it does not describe VAM.

Option (2): Mycorrhiza

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Mycorrhizae, specifically Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM), form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, helping plants absorb nutrients from the soil, particularly phosphorus.

Option (3): Phosphate solubilising bacteria

• Explanation: These bacteria help in making phosphorus available to plants by solubilizing insoluble phosphates in the soil. They are beneficial for plant growth but are not what VAM refers to.

Option (4): Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

• Explanation: This term refers to bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use. Examples include Rhizobium and Azospirillum, but this is not what VAM refers to.

Option (5): Azotobacter

• Explanation: Azotobacter is a genus of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It is beneficial for soil fertility and plant growth but does not describe VAM.

3. Which of the following compounds can make the colour of the soil white?

(1) Iron Oxide

(2) Glauconite

(3) Calcite

(4) Nitrogen

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (3): Calcite

Explanation:

The color of the soil can be influenced by various compounds and minerals present in it. Calcite, a form of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), is known for giving soil a white or light color.

Option (1): Iron Oxide

• Explanation: Iron oxides usually give soil a red, yellow, or brown color due to the presence of oxidized iron. They do not make the soil white.

Option (2): Glauconite

• Explanation: Glauconite is a greenish mineral that gives soil a greenish tint. It does not contribute to a white color in the soil.

Option (3): Calcite

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Calcite, composed of calcium carbonate, often gives soil a white or light appearance. It is commonly found in soils derived from limestone or other calcium-rich rocks.

Option (4): Nitrogen

• Explanation: Nitrogen itself does not affect the color of the soil. It is a nutrient that is vital for plant growth but does not influence soil coloration directly.

4. In Jute growing areas, the usual alternate crop is

(1) Wheat

(2) Tea

(3) Cotton

(4) Sugarcane

(5) Rice

Answer:

Option (5): Rice

Explanation:

Jute is predominantly grown in regions with specific climatic conditions, primarily in India and Bangladesh. The areas suitable for jute cultivation usually have a high water table and experience heavy rainfall, making them ideal for growing certain crops.

Option (1): Wheat

• Explanation: Wheat is typically grown in regions with moderate rainfall and cooler climates, which are different from the conditions preferred by jute. Therefore, it is not a common alternate crop in jute-growing areas.

Option (2): Tea

• Explanation: Tea requires a specific set of conditions, including high altitudes and well-drained soil, which are not the same as the conditions suitable for jute cultivation. Hence, tea is not commonly grown as an alternate crop to jute.

Option (3): Cotton

• Explanation: Cotton grows well in drier conditions and well-drained soils, contrasting with the waterlogged conditions required for jute. Thus, cotton is not typically an alternate crop in jute-growing regions.

Option (4): Sugarcane

• Explanation: Sugarcane can grow in a variety of climates but prefers well-drained soil and ample water. While it can be grown in regions that grow jute, it is not the most common alternate crop.

Option (5): Rice

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Rice is commonly grown in areas that also cultivate jute because both crops require similar conditions: high rainfall, high humidity, and waterlogged soil. Rice fits well into the crop rotation system with jute, making it a usual alternate crop.

5. Deficiency of which of the following minerals / elements causes Measles?

(1) Vitamins

(2) Iron

(3) Proteins

(4) Calcium

(5) All of the above

Answer:

None of the above

Explanation:

Measles is a viral infection caused by the measles virus, not by a deficiency of minerals or elements. However, vitamin A deficiency can make the disease more severe and can increase the risk of complications.

Option (1): Vitamins

• Explanation: While a deficiency in certain vitamins, particularly vitamin A, can exacerbate the symptoms and complications of measles, it does not cause the disease itself. Measles is caused by a virus.

Option (2): Iron

• Explanation: Iron deficiency can lead to anemia and other health issues but is not related to the cause of measles. It does not cause measles.

Option (3): Proteins

• Explanation: Protein deficiency can lead to malnutrition and a weakened immune system, making a person more susceptible to infections, but it does not cause measles.

Option (4): Calcium

• Explanation: Calcium deficiency affects bone health and muscle function but has no direct link to measles.

Option (5): All of the above

• Explanation: Since none of the above options cause measles, this option is also incorrect.

Additional Information:

Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the measles virus. It spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes of infected individuals. The best prevention is vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vitamin A supplementation is often recommended during measles infections to reduce the severity of the disease.

Therefore, none of the listed deficiencies (vitamins, iron, proteins, calcium) cause measles. The correct understanding is that measles is caused by a viral infection, not a deficiency of these elements.

6. Which of the following activities do not come under water-shed management?

(1) Sub-surface water harvesting structures

(2) Development of recharge filters for dug well

(3) Domestic water supply management

(4) Development of drip and sprinkler irrigation system

(5) Development of macro level water resources

Answer:

Option (3): Domestic water supply management

Explanation:

Watershed management involves managing the use and conservation of water and land resources within a watershed to ensure sustainable water availability and quality, and to prevent soil erosion and other forms of land degradation.

Option (1): Sub-surface water harvesting structures

• Explanation: This falls under watershed management as it involves capturing and storing rainwater underground to improve groundwater levels and manage water resources effectively.

Option (2): Development of recharge filters for dug well

• Explanation: This activity is included in watershed management because it enhances groundwater recharge, which is crucial for maintaining the water table and ensuring sustainable water supply.

Option (3): Domestic water supply management

• Explanation: This is primarily concerned with the distribution and management of water for household use. While important, it is not directly related to the broader scope of watershed management, which focuses on the conservation and management of water and soil resources in a watershed.

Option (4): Development of drip and sprinkler irrigation system

• Explanation: These irrigation systems are part of efficient water management practices within a watershed. They help conserve water by reducing wastage and ensuring that crops receive adequate water.

Option (5): Development of macro level water resources

• Explanation: This includes activities such as constructing dams and reservoirs, which are part of watershed management as they deal with large-scale water resource management within a watershed.

7. Regions with annual mean temperatures of more than 24° C fall under which zone?

(1) Tundra

(2) Tropical

(3) Subtropical

(4) Alpine

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (2): Tropical

Explanation:

The classification of climate zones is based on temperature and precipitation patterns. Regions with an annual mean temperature of more than 24° C typically fall into the tropical zone.

Option (1): Tundra

• Explanation: The tundra zone is characterized by very cold temperatures, with an average annual temperature well below 0° C. It is found in polar regions.

Option (2): Tropical

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. The tropical zone is characterized by high temperatures, usually exceeding 24° C throughout the year, and it typically includes regions near the equator.

Option (3): Subtropical

• Explanation: The subtropical zone has warm to hot summers and mild winters, but its mean annual temperature is generally lower than 24° C. It is situated between the tropical and temperate zones.

Option (4): Alpine

• Explanation: The alpine zone is characterized by cold temperatures and is found in high mountain regions. The annual mean temperature is much lower than 24° C.

8. Where is the National Institute of Agricultural Marketing located?

(1) Vijayawada

(2) Lucknow

(3) Moradabad

(4) Karnal

(5) Jaipur

Answer:

Option (5): Jaipur

Explanation:

The National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) is an apex institution dedicated to agricultural marketing in India. It was established to provide training, education, and research in agricultural marketing.

Option (1): Vijayawada

• Explanation: Vijayawada is not the location of the National Institute of Agricultural Marketing.

Option (2): Lucknow

• Explanation: While Lucknow is an important city in India, it does not host the National Institute of Agricultural Marketing.

Option (3): Moradabad

• Explanation: Moradabad is known for its brassware industry, but it is not the location of the National Institute of Agricultural Marketing.

Option (4): Karnal

• Explanation: Karnal is known for its agricultural research institutions, but it is not the location of the National Institute of Agricultural Marketing.

Option (5): Jaipur

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. The National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan. It was established in 1988 to provide education, training, and research in the field of agricultural marketing.

9. Which of the following is not a fiber crop?

(1) Bamboo

(2) Cotton

(3) Rice

(4) Paddy

(5) Jute

Answer:

Option (3): Rice

Explanation:

Fiber crops are those plants that are grown specifically for their fibers, which are used in the production of textiles, ropes, and other materials. Let’s examine each option:

Option (1): Bamboo

• Explanation: Bamboo is used for a variety of purposes, including construction, crafts, and fiber production. Bamboo fibers are used to make textiles, making it a fiber crop.

Option (2): Cotton

• Explanation: Cotton is one of the most well-known fiber crops. Its fibers are used extensively in the textile industry to make clothing, bed linens, and other fabric-based products.

Option (3): Rice

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Rice is a cereal crop grown for its edible grain. It is not used for fiber production and therefore is not a fiber crop.

Option (4): Paddy

• Explanation: Paddy is another term for rice grown in flooded fields. Like rice, it is a cereal crop grown for its grain and is not a fiber crop.

Option (5): Jute

• Explanation: Jute is a major fiber crop. Its fibers are used to make burlap, hessian, and other coarse textiles.

10. Which of the following constitutes ‘Indirect Finance to Agriculture’?

(1) Loans sanctioned up to Rs. 1.5 crore to sugarcane growers

(2) Loans sanctioned up to Rs. 2.5 crore to a farmer for crop production

(3) Loan of Rs. 50 lakh sanctioned against pledge hypothecation of produce

(4) Loan sanctioned to sugar companies for financing of receivables of farmers against their supplies of agricultural produce to sugar companies

(5) Loan of Rs. 15 lakh sanctioned to dealers of agricultural machinery

Answer:

Option (4): Loan sanctioned to sugar companies for financing of receivables of farmers against their supplies of agricultural produce to sugar companies

Explanation:

Indirect finance to agriculture refers to financial assistance provided to entities or intermediaries involved in agricultural activities rather than directly to farmers themselves. Let’s analyze each option:

Option (1): Loans sanctioned up to Rs. 1.5 crore to sugarcane growers

• Explanation: This option involves direct lending to sugarcane growers and therefore constitutes direct finance to agriculture rather than indirect finance.

Option (2): Loans sanctioned up to Rs. 2.5 crore to a farmer for crop production

• Explanation: Similar to Option (1), this option involves direct lending to farmers for crop production and does not constitute indirect finance.

Option (3): Loan of Rs. 50 lakh sanctioned against pledge hypothecation of produce

• Explanation: This option involves providing loans to farmers against the hypothecation of their produce. While it involves an intermediary (such as a bank or financial institution), it is still considered direct finance to agriculture because it directly benefits farmers.

Option (4): Loan sanctioned to sugar companies for financing of receivables of farmers against their supplies of agricultural produce to sugar companies

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Providing loans to sugar companies for financing receivables from farmers constitutes indirect finance to agriculture. The loan indirectly benefits farmers by ensuring that they receive timely payments for their agricultural produce supplied to sugar companies.

Option (5): Loan of Rs. 15 lakh sanctioned to dealers of agricultural machinery

• Explanation: This option involves providing loans to dealers of agricultural machinery, which is not directly related to agricultural production. Therefore, it does not constitute indirect finance to agriculture.

11. Which of the following is highly digestive protein crop?

(1) Rice

(2) Wheat

(3) Pulses

(4) Cotton

(5) Maize

Answer:

Option (3): Pulses

Explanation:

Pulses are a category of crops that belong to the legume family and are known for their high protein content and digestibility. They are rich sources of plant-based proteins, making them highly beneficial for human nutrition. Pulses include varieties such as lentils, chickpeas, peas, and beans.

Option (1): Rice

• Explanation: Rice is a staple cereal crop and does not contain as high a protein content as pulses. While it is a dietary staple for many people, it is not primarily valued for its protein content.

Option (2): Wheat

• Explanation: Wheat is another staple cereal crop, but it does not contain as high a protein content as pulses. While it is an important source of carbohydrates in many diets, it is not primarily valued for its protein content.

Option (3): Pulses

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Pulses, such as lentils, chickpeas, peas, and beans, are highly digestible protein crops and are rich sources of plant-based proteins. They are valued for their nutritional benefits and are an essential component of vegetarian and vegan diets.

Option (4): Cotton

• Explanation: Cotton is not a protein crop. It is primarily grown for its fiber, which is used in textile production.

Option (5): Maize

• Explanation: Maize, or corn, is a cereal crop that is used for food, feed, and industrial purposes. While it contains some protein, it is not as high in protein content as pulses.

12. Which of the following do not come under Loan System for Delivery of Bank Credit?

(1) Ad hoc credit limit

(2) Sharing of Working Capital Finance

(3) Ombudsman Scheme

(4) Period of Loan

(5) Bills Limit

Answer:

Option (3): Ombudsman Scheme

Explanation:

The Loan System for Delivery of Bank Credit encompasses various mechanisms and procedures related to the disbursement of bank credit. Let’s examine each option:

Option (1): Ad hoc credit limit

• Explanation: Ad hoc credit limits are temporary credit facilities provided by banks to borrowers in urgent situations or on a provisional basis. They are a part of the loan system for delivering bank credit.

Option (2): Sharing of Working Capital Finance

• Explanation: This involves multiple banks or financial institutions jointly providing working capital finance to a borrower. It is a common practice in the loan system for delivering bank credit.

Option (3): Ombudsman Scheme

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. The Ombudsman Scheme is not directly related to the loan system for delivering bank credit. Instead, it is a mechanism for addressing grievances and resolving disputes between banks and their customers.

Option (4): Period of Loan

• Explanation: The period of the loan refers to the duration for which the loan is extended to the borrower. It is an essential aspect of the loan system for delivering bank credit.

Option (5): Bills Limit

• Explanation: Bills limit refers to the maximum amount up to which a bank allows its customers to draw bills of exchange. It is a component of the loan system for delivering bank credit.

13. Which of the following regions deserve drip irrigation?

(1) High Rainfall regions

(2) Hot and Humid regions

(3) Cotton soil regions

(4) All of these

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (5): None of these

Explanation:

Drip irrigation is a method of watering plants by delivering water directly to the root zone through a network of tubes or pipes with emitters. While drip irrigation is a highly efficient water-saving technique, its suitability depends on various factors, including climate, soil type, crop type, and water availability. Let’s examine each option:

Option (1): High Rainfall regions

• Explanation: In regions with high rainfall, there is already ample natural water supply, making drip irrigation less necessary. These regions may not require drip irrigation as the primary method of irrigation due to the risk of overwatering and potential waterlogging issues.

Option (2): Hot and Humid regions

• Explanation: Hot and humid regions may benefit from drip irrigation to some extent, particularly for specific crops or in areas where water resources are limited. However, other irrigation methods, such as overhead sprinklers or flood irrigation, may also be suitable depending on the specific conditions.

Option (3): Cotton soil regions

• Explanation: “Cotton soil” is not a term commonly used in agricultural terminology. However, if it refers to regions where cotton is grown, the suitability of drip irrigation would depend on various factors such as soil type, climate, and water availability specific to those regions.

Option (4): All of these

• Explanation: While drip irrigation can be suitable in certain scenarios within each of these regions, it is not universally applicable to all areas within them. Factors such as soil type, crop type, and water availability vary widely within regions, making blanket statements about the suitability of drip irrigation problematic.

Option (5): None of these

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. While drip irrigation may be suitable in specific locations within high rainfall regions, hot and humid regions, or regions where cotton is grown, it is not universally applicable to all areas within these regions. The suitability of drip irrigation depends on various factors and needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

14. Volatilization of ammonia in soil increases with the increase in

(1) Moisture content of the soil

(2) Calcium carbonate content of the soil

(3) Sodium carbonate of the soil

(4) Clay content of the soil

(5) Carbon exchange capacity of soil

Answer:

Option (1): Moisture content of the soil

Explanation:

Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization from soil occurs when ammonium (NH₄⁺) ions are converted to gaseous ammonia and released into the atmosphere. Several factors can influence the rate of ammonia volatilization, including soil properties and environmental conditions.

Option (1): Moisture content of the soil

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Ammonia volatilization increases with the increase in soil moisture content. Higher soil moisture levels promote the microbial activity responsible for converting ammonium to ammonia and facilitate the release of ammonia gas into the atmosphere.

Option (2): Calcium carbonate content of the soil

• Explanation: Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) can act as a buffer and may influence soil pH, but it does not directly affect the volatilization of ammonia.

Option (3): Sodium carbonate of the soil

• Explanation: Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is not typically a significant factor in ammonia volatilization from soil.

Option (4): Clay content of the soil

• Explanation: The clay content of the soil may indirectly influence ammonia volatilization by affecting soil properties such as water retention and microbial activity. However, it is not a direct determinant of ammonia volatilization.

Option (5): Cation exchange capacity of soil

• Explanation: Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the soil’s ability to hold and exchange cations. While soil CEC may influence nutrient availability and soil fertility, it does not directly affect the volatilization of ammonia.

15. Which of the following means filling of the land?

(1) Irrigating the land

(2) Draining the land

(3) Harvesting of crops

(4) Digging wells

(5) Preparation of land for next crop

Answer:

Option (5): Preparation of land for next crop

Explanation:

Filling of the land refers to the process of leveling or adding soil to prepare the land for planting or sowing seeds for the next crop cycle. Let’s examine each option:

Option (1): Irrigating the land

• Explanation: Irrigating the land involves applying water to the soil to ensure proper moisture levels for crop growth. It does not involve filling the land with soil.

Option (2): Draining the land

• Explanation: Draining the land involves removing excess water from the soil through drainage systems to prevent waterlogging. It does not involve filling the land with soil.

Option (3): Harvesting of crops

• Explanation: Harvesting of crops involves cutting, gathering, and removing mature crops from the field. It does not involve filling the land with soil.

Option (4): Digging wells

• Explanation: Digging wells involves excavating the ground to access groundwater for irrigation purposes. It does not involve filling the land with soil.

Option (5): Preparation of land for next crop

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Preparation of land for the next crop involves activities such as plowing, tilling, leveling, and adding soil amendments to ensure optimal soil conditions for planting or sowing seeds. Filling of the land may be necessary to level uneven terrain or to address soil erosion issues.

16. Who is known as the architect of White Revolution in India?

(1) Verghese Kurien

(2) Lai Bahadur Shastri

(3) M. Swaminathan

(4) Jawaharlal Nehru

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (1): Verghese Kurien

Explanation:

The White Revolution in India, also known as Operation Flood, was a successful dairy development program implemented to increase milk production and improve the dairy industry in India. The architect of the White Revolution is:

Option (1): Verghese Kurien

• Explanation: Verghese Kurien is widely recognized as the architect of the White Revolution in India. He was an Indian engineer and social entrepreneur who played a pivotal role in transforming India’s dairy industry. Kurien’s efforts, particularly through the establishment of the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) and the creation of the Amul brand, revolutionized dairy farming in India and made the country one of the world’s largest milk producers.

Option (2): Lal Bahadur Shastri

• Explanation: Lal Bahadur Shastri was the Prime Minister of India during the period when the White Revolution was initiated. While he supported and encouraged the program, he is not credited as the architect of the White Revolution.

Option (3): M. S. Swaminathan

• Explanation: M. S. Swaminathan is a renowned Indian agricultural scientist known for his contributions to the Green Revolution in India, particularly in wheat and rice production. He is not associated with the White Revolution.

Option (4): Jawaharlal Nehru

• Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and played a significant role in shaping the country’s economic policies and development programs. However, he is not specifically credited as the architect of the White Revolution.

17. Under which conditions does a Seller seil goods below the marginal cost?

(1) To drive out competitors

(2) To increase market share

(3) Because of deep pockets

(4) Due to cross-subsidization

(5) All of these

Answer:

Option (5): All of these

Explanation:

Selling goods below the marginal cost, also known as predatory pricing, occurs when a seller intentionally prices their products or services below the cost of production or acquisition to gain a competitive advantage or to achieve specific strategic objectives. Let’s examine each option:

Option (1): To drive out competitors

• Explanation: Predatory pricing is often used as a strategy to eliminate competitors from the market by undercutting their prices, making it unsustainable for them to continue operating.

Option (2): To increase market share

• Explanation: Selling goods below the marginal cost can help a seller capture a larger share of the market by attracting customers with lower prices, thus expanding their customer base.

Option (3): Because of deep pockets

• Explanation: Sellers with significant financial resources may be willing to sustain losses in the short term by selling goods below the marginal cost to achieve long-term strategic objectives such as market dominance or monopolization.

Option (4): Due to cross-subsidization

• Explanation: Cross-subsidization occurs when a seller offsets losses incurred in one product or market segment by generating profits from another product or segment. Selling goods below the marginal cost in one area may be part of a broader strategy of cross-subsidization.

Option (5): All of these

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Predatory pricing can be driven by various factors, including driving out competitors, increasing market share, financial capacity, and cross-subsidization. Therefore, all of these conditions can lead a seller to sell goods below the marginal cost.

18. Which of the following expresses the approximate geographical area (in km²) of our country?

(1) 20 lakh km

(2) 32 km

(3) 40 km²

(4) 45 km

(5) 50 km

Answer:

Option (1): 20 lakh km

Explanation:

India’s approximate geographical area is often expressed in square kilometers (km²) due to its large size. Let’s analyze each option:

Option (1): 20 lakh km

• Explanation: “Lakh” is a term used in the Indian numbering system, where one lakh equals 100,000. Therefore, 20 lakh km translates to 20,00,000 square kilometers, which is a commonly cited approximation of India’s geographical area.

Option (2): 32 km

• Explanation: 32 km is not a plausible representation of India’s geographical area. It is more likely to represent a distance rather than an area measurement.

Option (3): 40 km²

• Explanation: 40 km² represents a very small area and is not a realistic approximation of India’s geographical area.

Option (4): 45 km

• Explanation: Similar to Option (2), 45 km is too small to represent India’s geographical area and is more indicative of a distance rather than an area measurement.

Option (5): 50 km

• Explanation: Like Options (2) and (4), 50 km is not a plausible representation of India’s geographical area and is more indicative of a distance rather than an area measurement.

19. What is the approximate net cropped area (in million hectares) in India?

(1) 75 million hectares

(2) 100 million hectares

(3) 150 million hectares

(4) 200 million hectares

(5) 300 million hectares

Answer:

Option (2): 100 million hectares

Explanation:

The net cropped area refers to the total area of land that is sown with crops and harvested in a particular agricultural season. Let’s analyze each option:

Option (1): 75 million hectares

• Explanation: This is lower than the approximate net cropped area in India. While it may represent the cropped area in certain years or regions, it is not a widely cited figure for India as a whole.

Option (2): 100 million hectares

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. India’s net cropped area is approximately 100 million hectares, making it one of the largest agricultural countries in the world in terms of cultivated land area.

Option (3): 150 million hectares

• Explanation: This figure is higher than the approximate net cropped area in India. While India has a significant agricultural land area, it is not as large as 150 million hectares.

Option (4): 200 million hectares

• Explanation: This figure is significantly higher than the approximate net cropped area in India. It does not accurately represent the total cultivated land area in the country.

Option (5): 300 million hectares

• Explanation: This figure is excessively higher than the approximate net cropped area in India. It is not a plausible representation of the total cultivated land area in the country.

20. “Ratna, is a variety of which of the following fruits?

(1) Papaya

(4) Guava

(2) Apple

(3) Mango

(5) None of these

Option (3): Mango

Explanation:

“Ratna” is a popular variety of mango cultivated in India. Mango varieties are known for their diverse flavors, sizes, and colors, and Ratna is one of the many varieties known for its taste and quality. It is characterized by its sweet and aromatic taste, making it a favorite among mango enthusiasts.

21. processes employed in agriculture?

(1) Threshing. Processing, Harvesting

(2) Processing, Threshing, Harvesting

(3) Harvesting, Threshing, Processing

(4) Threshing, Harvesting, Processing

(5) Harvesting, Processing, Threshing

Answer:

Option (5): Harvesting, Processing, Threshing

Explanation:

In agriculture, various processes are involved in the production of crops. Let’s arrange them in the correct sequence:

Option (1): Threshing, Processing, Harvesting

• Explanation: This sequence begins with threshing, followed by processing, and ends with harvesting. However, the typical order in agriculture starts with harvesting, followed by processing and then threshing.

Option (2): Processing, Threshing, Harvesting

• Explanation: This sequence starts with processing, followed by threshing, and ends with harvesting. However, harvesting usually precedes processing in agricultural practices.

Option (3): Harvesting, Threshing, Processing

• Explanation: This sequence begins with harvesting, followed by threshing, and ends with processing. This order aligns with typical agricultural practices where crops are first harvested, then threshed to separate grains from the stalks, and finally processed for various purposes.

Option (4): Threshing, Harvesting, Processing

• Explanation: This sequence starts with threshing, followed by harvesting, and ends with processing. However, harvesting typically precedes threshing in agricultural operations.

Option (5): Harvesting, Processing, Threshing

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. The sequence begins with harvesting, followed by processing, and ends with threshing. This order reflects the typical sequence of agricultural operations where crops are first harvested, then processed as needed, and finally threshed to separate grains from the plant material.

22. Why is flood jet nozzle used?

(1) Better adhesion of liquid

(2) Reduction of liquid

(3) Increasing the droplet size

(4) Quick delivery of spray liquids

(5) Minimize the effect of chemicals

Answer:

Option (4): Quick delivery of spray liquids

Explanation:

Flood jet nozzles are a type of nozzle used in spray equipment for agricultural applications, such as crop spraying. Let’s understand the purpose of flood jet nozzles:

Option (1): Better adhesion of liquid

• Explanation: While adhesion of the liquid to the target surface is essential for effective spraying, flood jet nozzles are not specifically designed for this purpose.

Option (2): Reduction of liquid

• Explanation: Flood jet nozzles are not primarily used for reducing the quantity of liquid being sprayed. Their purpose is more related to efficient delivery of spray liquids.

Option (3): Increasing the droplet size

• Explanation: Increasing the droplet size is not a characteristic feature of flood jet nozzles. Other types of nozzles, such as air induction nozzles, are designed for this purpose.

Option (4): Quick delivery of spray liquids

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Flood jet nozzles are designed to deliver spray liquids quickly and efficiently over a wide area. They are often used when rapid coverage of a large area is required, such as in field spraying operations.

Option (5): Minimize the effect of chemicals

• Explanation: Flood jet nozzles are not specifically designed to minimize the effect of chemicals. The effectiveness of chemical applications depends on factors such as nozzle type, spray technique, and calibration.

23. Which of the following regions receive the monsoon first?

(1) Himalayan region

(2) Coastal region of Kerala

(3) Coastal region of Maharashtra

(4) Coastal region of Gujarat

(5) Bay of Bengal region

Answer:

Option (2): Coastal region of Kerala

Explanation:

The onset of the monsoon in India typically begins with the arrival of the southwest monsoon over the southern state of Kerala. Let’s analyze each option:

Option (1): Himalayan region

• Explanation: The Himalayan region does not receive the monsoon first. It is located in the northern part of India and is usually one of the last regions to be affected by the southwest monsoon.

Option (2): Coastal region of Kerala

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. The southwest monsoon first arrives at the coastal region of Kerala, marking the onset of the monsoon season in India. Kerala, being in the southernmost part of India, is the first state to experience the monsoon rains.

Option (3): Coastal region of Maharashtra

• Explanation: The coastal region of Maharashtra, including cities like Mumbai, typically receives the monsoon after Kerala but before regions further north.

Option (4): Coastal region of Gujarat

• Explanation: The coastal region of Gujarat usually receives the monsoon after Kerala but before regions further north. It is not among the first regions to receive the monsoon.

Option (5): Bay of Bengal region

• Explanation: The Bay of Bengal region, including states like Odisha, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh, does not receive the monsoon first. It is usually affected by the southwest monsoon after Kerala and the coastal regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

25. The diameter of spray drops from most sprayers varies between:

• 50 to 100 μm
• 1 to 50 μm
• 200 to 300 μm
• 100 to 200 μm
• 150 to 250 μm

Answer:

Option (4): 100 to 200 μm

Explanation:

The diameter of spray droplets produced by sprayers is a crucial factor in determining the effectiveness of pesticide application, as it influences coverage, drift, and penetration. Let’s analyze each option:

Option (1): 50 to 100 μm

• Explanation: While some sprayers may produce droplets within this range, it is not the most common size range. Droplets in this size range are generally considered fine and are suitable for certain applications requiring good coverage and drift control.

Option (2): 1 to 50 μm

• Explanation: Droplets in this size range are extremely small and are typically associated with misting applications rather than conventional spraying. They are not representative of the typical diameter range produced by most sprayers.

Option (3): 200 to 300 μm

• Explanation: Droplets in this size range are relatively large and may be produced by certain types of sprayers, such as hydraulic nozzles or air-assisted sprayers. However, they are not as common as the range specified in the correct answer.

Option (4): 100 to 200 μm

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Droplets in the range of 100 to 200 μm are commonly produced by most sprayers used in agricultural and horticultural applications. They strike a balance between coverage and drift control, making them suitable for a wide range of spraying tasks.

Option (5): 150 to 250 μm

• Explanation: Droplets in this size range are similar to those specified in Option (4) and are commonly produced by sprayers. However, the range specified in Option (4) (100 to 200 μm) is more commonly cited in literature and industry standards.

25. Which of the following soil properties does not change by cropping and cultivation?

(1) Bulk density

(2) Clay content

(3) Soil texture

(4) Silt content

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (5): None of these

Explanation:

Cropping and cultivation practices can have various effects on soil properties, including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Let’s examine each option:

Option (1): Bulk density

• Explanation: Bulk density refers to the mass of soil per unit volume and can be influenced by cropping and cultivation practices. For example, compaction from machinery and trampling by livestock can increase bulk density.

Option (2): Clay content

• Explanation: Clay content is a soil property that remains relatively stable over short time frames. While long-term processes such as weathering and erosion can affect clay content, cropping and cultivation practices typically do not lead to significant changes in clay content within short time frames.

Option (3): Soil texture

• Explanation: Soil texture is determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil. While cropping and cultivation practices can affect soil structure and aggregation, which indirectly influence soil texture, they do not directly alter the inherent proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles.

Option (4): Silt content

• Explanation: Silt content, like clay content, is a soil property that tends to remain relatively stable over short time frames. While erosion and deposition processes can affect silt content over longer time periods, cropping and cultivation practices typically do not lead to significant changes in silt content within short time frames.

Option (5): None of these

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. All of the soil properties listed (bulk density, clay content, soil texture, and silt content) can be influenced by cropping and cultivation practices to varying degrees. Therefore, none of these soil properties remain unchanged by cropping and cultivation.

25. Which of the following soil properties does not change by cropping and cultivation?

(1) Bulk density

(2) Clay content

(3) Soil texture

(4) Silt content

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (5): None of these

Explanation:

Cropping and cultivation practices can have various effects on soil properties, but each of the properties listed can be influenced to some extent by agricultural activities. Let’s explore each option:

Option (1): Bulk density

• Explanation: Cropping and cultivation practices can affect bulk density by altering soil compaction, structure, and pore spaces. Activities such as tillage, compaction from machinery, and root growth can impact bulk density.

Option (2): Clay content

• Explanation: While cropping and cultivation practices may not directly change the inherent clay content of the soil (which is determined by parent material and soil formation processes), they can influence the distribution and movement of clay particles within the soil profile through erosion, deposition, and tillage.

Option (3): Soil texture

• Explanation: Soil texture, determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles, is relatively stable over short time frames. However, cropping and cultivation practices can indirectly affect soil texture by influencing soil structure, aggregation, and particle distribution.

Option (4): Silt content

• Explanation: Cropping and cultivation practices may not directly alter the inherent silt content of the soil, but they can influence erosion and sedimentation processes that can lead to changes in silt content over time.

Option (5): None of these

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. While the degree of change may vary depending on management practices, cropping systems, and environmental conditions, cropping and cultivation practices can impact all of the soil properties listed to some extent.

26. Ammonium fraction in the soil is due to

(1) Microbial immunization

(2) Microbial fraction

(3) Microbial deposition

(4) Soil exchange reaction

(5) Microbial assumption

Answer:

Option (4): Soil exchange reaction

Explanation:

The presence of ammonium (NH₄⁺) in the soil is primarily due to soil exchange reactions, which involve the exchange of cations between soil particles and the soil solution. Let’s explore each option:

Option (1): Microbial immunization

• Explanation: Microbial immunization is not a recognized process related to the presence of ammonium in the soil. This option does not accurately describe the mechanism responsible for ammonium content in the soil.

Option (2): Microbial fraction

• Explanation: The term “microbial fraction” is not commonly used in the context of soil chemistry or nutrient dynamics. While microbes play a role in nutrient cycling, they are not directly responsible for the presence of ammonium in the soil.

Option (3): Microbial deposition

• Explanation: Microbial deposition refers to the process by which microbes deposit organic matter onto the soil surface or within the soil profile. While microbial activity can influence nutrient availability in the soil, microbial deposition is not the primary mechanism for the presence of ammonium in the soil.

Option (4): Soil exchange reaction

• Explanation: This is the correct answer. Soil exchange reactions involve the exchange of cations (positively charged ions) between soil particles and the soil solution. Ammonium is one of the cations that can be present in the soil solution as a result of these exchange reactions.

Option (5): Microbial assumption

• Explanation: “Microbial assumption” is not a recognized term in soil science or agronomy. It does not accurately describe the process by which ammonium is present in the soil.

28. What is the full form of RKBY which is a form of insurance scheme in rural sector RKBY?

(1) Rashtriya Kisan Bima Yojana

(2) Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana

(3) Rashtriya Karm Bima Yojana

(4) Rashtriya Krishak Bima Yojana

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (4): Rashtriya Krishak Bima Yojana

Explanation:

The RKBY insurance scheme in the rural sector stands for Rashtriya Krishak Bima Yojana

29. Which of the following makes cropping more intensive?

(1) High Yielding Variety of seeds

(2) Use of chemical fertilizer (3) Use of organic manure

(4) Cropping pattern

(5) Use of irrigation

Answer:

Option (1): High Yielding Variety of seeds

Explanation:

Intensive cropping refers to a system of agriculture where the land is cultivated more frequently and intensively to achieve higher productivity. Let’s discuss each option:

1. High Yielding Variety of seeds: This is the correct answer. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds have been bred and selected for their ability to produce higher yields under optimal growing conditions. By using HYV seeds, farmers can achieve greater crop yields within the same land area, making cropping more intensive.
2. Use of chemical fertilizer: While the use of chemical fertilizers can enhance crop growth and productivity, it does not inherently make cropping more intensive. It contributes to higher yields but is not exclusive to intensive cropping practices.
3. Use of organic manure: Organic manure can improve soil fertility and structure over time, but its use alone may not necessarily lead to intensive cropping. It is often used in conjunction with other practices to support sustainable agriculture.
4. Cropping pattern: Cropping pattern refers to the arrangement and sequence of crops grown on a piece of land over time. While an efficient cropping pattern can contribute to higher productivity, it is not the primary factor that makes cropping more intensive.
5. Use of irrigation: Irrigation can facilitate multiple cropping cycles within a single growing season, thereby increasing the intensity of cropping. However, it is not the only factor that determines the intensity of cropping.

30. Which of the following activities does not come under Financial Inclusion?

(1) Delivery of financial services at an affordable cost to vast section of low income and disadvantage groups

(2) Collection of documents for opening of savings bank account

(3) Construction of roads in rural areas

(4) Explaining bank insurance product

(5) Collection of application forms of poorest of the poor for examinations

Answer:

Option (3): Construction of roads in rural areas

Explanation:

Financial inclusion aims to provide access to financial services and products to all segments of society, especially to those who are low-income or disadvantaged. Let’s evaluate each option:

1. Delivery of financial services at an affordable cost to vast sections of low-income and disadvantaged groups: This activity aligns with the objectives of financial inclusion. It involves making financial services accessible and affordable to marginalized communities.
2. Collection of documents for opening a savings bank account: This activity is related to financial inclusion as it facilitates the process of opening bank accounts, which is a crucial step in providing financial access to individuals.
3. Construction of roads in rural areas: This activity is not directly related to financial inclusion. While infrastructure development, such as road construction, is important for rural development, it is not a component of financial inclusion, which primarily focuses on improving access to financial services.
4. Explaining bank insurance products: This activity is relevant to financial inclusion as it involves promoting awareness and understanding of financial products, such as insurance, among underserved populations.
5. Collection of application forms of the poorest of the poor for examinations: This activity is indirectly related to financial inclusion as it involves facilitating access to educational opportunities, which can contribute to economic empowerment and financial inclusion in the long run.

31. Which of the following is the most important resource for agricultural production after land and water?

(1) Fertilizers

(2) Biomass

(3) Environment security

(4) Agricultural loan

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (1): Fertilizers

Explanation:

After land and water, fertilizers play a crucial role in agricultural production by providing essential nutrients to crops. Let’s discuss each option:

1. Fertilizers: This is the correct answer. Fertilizers are substances added to soil or plants to supply essential nutrients that are vital for plant growth and development. They help replenish nutrients in the soil, enhance soil fertility, and promote crop yield and quality.
2. Biomass: While biomass, such as crop residues and organic matter, is important for soil health and fertility, it is not as directly involved in agricultural production as fertilizers. Biomass contributes to soil organic matter, which improves soil structure, moisture retention, and nutrient cycling, but it is not a primary input for crop growth like fertilizers.
3. Environmental security: Environmental security refers to protection against environmental degradation and threats. While environmental sustainability is crucial for long-term agricultural productivity, it is not a resource in itself like fertilizers.
4. Agricultural loan: Agricultural loans provide financial resources to farmers for various purposes, including purchasing inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and machinery. While important for financing agricultural activities, agricultural loans are not a direct resource for agricultural production like fertilizers.

33. Which of the following is not a Direct Agricultural Advance?

(1) Advance of Rs. 2 crore to small and marginal farmers for raising of crops

(2) Advance of Rs. 3 crore to state cooperative marketing federation

(3) Advance of Rs. 2 crores to farmers for (agricultural) machinery implements

(4) Advance up to Rs. 2 crore for poultry activities

(5) Advance up to Rs. 2 crore for pre-harvest activities

Answer:

Option (2): Advance of Rs. 3 crore to state cooperative marketing federation

Explanation:

Direct Agricultural Advances are loans or credit facilities provided directly to farmers or agricultural enterprises for various agricultural activities. Let’s evaluate each option:

1. Advance of Rs. 2 crore to small and marginal farmers for raising of crops: This option involves providing financial assistance directly to small and marginal farmers for crop cultivation activities, which qualifies as a Direct Agricultural Advance.
2. Advance of Rs. 3 crore to state cooperative marketing federation: This option refers to providing financial assistance to a cooperative marketing federation, not directly to farmers. Therefore, it does not fall under the category of Direct Agricultural Advance.
3. Advance of Rs. 2 crores to farmers for agricultural machinery implements: This option involves providing financial assistance directly to farmers for the purchase of agricultural machinery implements, which qualifies as a Direct Agricultural Advance.
4. Advance up to Rs. 2 crore for poultry activities: This option involves providing financial assistance directly to farmers for poultry activities, which qualifies as a Direct Agricultural Advance.
5. Advance up to Rs. 2 crore for pre-harvest activities: This option involves providing financial assistance directly to farmers for pre-harvest activities, such as crop preparation and management, which qualifies as a Direct Agricultural Advance.

35. Which of the following cropping practices is eco- friendly?

(1) Land fanning

(2) House farming 

(3) Cultivation 

(4) Organic farming

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (4): Organic farming

Explanation:

Organic farming is an eco-friendly cropping practice that promotes sustainable agricultural methods, minimizes the use of synthetic inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and emphasizes natural processes to maintain soil health and biodiversity. Let’s discuss each option:

1. Land farming: This term is not typically used in the context of cropping practices. It may refer to various land management techniques, but without further context, it is unclear whether it is eco-friendly.
2. House farming: This term is ambiguous and could refer to various activities related to agriculture or gardening conducted within or around a house. Without specific information, it is unclear whether it is eco-friendly.
3. Cultivation: While cultivation itself is a common agricultural practice, its environmental impact depends on various factors such as the use of inputs, tillage methods, and crop rotation. Without additional details, it is not inherently eco-friendly or unsustainable.
4. Organic farming: This is the correct answer. Organic farming is an eco-friendly cropping practice that avoids the use of synthetic chemicals and emphasizes soil health, biodiversity, and ecological balance. It promotes natural methods such as composting, crop rotation, and biological pest control.
5. None of these: While some cropping practices may have environmental benefits, such as reduced tillage or agroforestry, the option of organic farming specifically emphasizes eco-friendly principles and practices.

36. What does RKVY stand for?

(1) Regional Kshetriya Vikas Yojana

(2) Regional Vikas Yojana

(3) Regional Kisan Vikas Yojana

(4) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

(5) Rural Kisan Vikas Yojana

Answer:

Option (4): Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

Explanation:

RKVY stands for Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.

37. What is the planned growth of agriculture under RKVY?

(1) 3% 

(2) 4% 

(3) 5%

(4) 6.5%

(5)7%

Answer:

Option (3): 5%

Explanation:

The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) is a national scheme aimed at promoting agricultural development across states in India. The planned growth of agriculture under the RKVY is typically set as a target for agricultural growth that states aim to achieve with the assistance of the scheme.

38. Which of the following is not a part of agronomy?

(1) Plant Nutrition Planning

(2) Intercrop Culture Development

(3) Sheep Raising Planning

(4) Promotion of cropping intensity

(5) Soil preparation for cropping

Answer:

Option (3): Sheep Raising Planning

Explanation:

Agronomy is the branch of agricultural science that deals with the study and improvement of crop plants and their cultivation practices. Let’s analyze each option:

1. Plant Nutrition Planning: This is a core aspect of agronomy, as it involves the management of soil fertility and the application of fertilizers to optimize plant nutrition.
2. Intercrop Culture Development: Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field. This practice falls within the realm of agronomy as it pertains to crop cultivation methods.
3. Sheep Raising Planning: Raising sheep is not a component of agronomy. It is more closely related to animal husbandry or livestock management, which is a separate discipline within agriculture.
4. Promotion of cropping intensity: Increasing cropping intensity, which refers to the number of crops grown on a piece of land within a given period, is a key aspect of agronomy. Agronomists study cropping systems and recommend practices to optimize land use efficiency.
5. Soil preparation for cropping: Soil preparation, including tillage, seedbed preparation, and land leveling, is an integral part of agronomy. It ensures that the soil is adequately prepared for planting and facilitates optimal crop growth.

39. Which of the following is a saturated fatty acid?

(1) Boric Acid

(2) Salicylic Acid

(3) Hydrochloric Acid

(4) Palmitic acid

(5) All of these

Answer:

Option (4): Palmitic acid

Explanation:

Fatty acids are organic molecules consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group. They are classified based on the presence or absence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, whereas unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.

1. Boric Acid: Boric acid is not a fatty acid. It is a weak acid composed of boron, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and is commonly used as an antiseptic, insecticide, or flame retardant.
2. Salicylic Acid: Salicylic acid is not a fatty acid. It is a monohydroxybenzoic acid and is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties.
3. Hydrochloric Acid: Hydrochloric acid is not a fatty acid. It is a strong mineral acid composed of hydrogen and chlorine and is used in various industrial processes and in the human digestive system.
4. Palmitic acid: This is the correct answer. Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula C₁₆H₃₂O₂. It is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in both plants and animals and is a major component of palm oil and animal fats.

40. What will be the cropping intensity if two crops are grown on the same land in a year?

(1) 20% 

(2) 50% 

(3) 100%

(4) 200%

(5) 400%

Answer:

Option (3): 100%

Explanation:

Cropping intensity is a measure of the efficiency of land use in agriculture. It is defined as the percentage of the total arable land area that is cultivated during a cropping year. When two crops are grown on the same land in a year, it indicates that the land is fully utilized for agricultural production throughout the year, resulting in a cropping intensity of 100%.

41. Which of the following crops is mainly grown in the Barak Valley?

(1) Maize 

(2) Tea

(3) Cotton 

(4) Jute

(5) Sugarcane

Answer:

Option (2): Tea

Explanation:

The Barak Valley, located in the Indian state of Assam, is known for its favorable climatic conditions for tea cultivation. Tea cultivation is a major agricultural activity in the region, and the Barak Valley is renowned for producing high-quality tea leaves. The valley’s climate, soil conditions, and elevation make it suitable for tea cultivation, and the tea estates in the region contribute significantly to the state’s tea production.

42. Which of the following agro-climatic conditions is suitable for wheat cultivation?

(1) Dry weather and scare rain-fall

(2) Cold weather and heavy rainfall

(3) Moderate temperature and moderate rainfall

(4) Wet and humid climate

(5) Hot and humid climate

Answer:

Option (3): Moderate temperature and moderate rainfall

Explanation:

Wheat is a temperate crop that requires specific agro-climatic conditions for optimal growth and yield. Let’s analyze each option:

1. Dry weather and scarce rainfall: Wheat cultivation typically requires adequate moisture during the growing season, especially during the critical stages of germination, tillering, and grain filling. Dry weather and scarce rainfall may not provide sufficient moisture for wheat cultivation.
2. Cold weather and heavy rainfall: Wheat is not typically cultivated in regions with heavy rainfall as excessive moisture can lead to waterlogging and fungal diseases, especially during the critical stages of growth. Additionally, cold weather alone may not be suitable for wheat cultivation as it requires a specific range of temperatures for optimal growth.
3. Moderate temperature and moderate rainfall: This is the correct answer. Wheat cultivation thrives in regions with moderate temperatures (around 15-25°C) during the growing season and moderate rainfall, typically between 50-100 cm annually. These conditions provide the right balance of moisture and temperature for wheat to grow and develop properly.
4. Wet and humid climate: Wheat is not well-suited to wet and humid climates as excessive moisture can lead to fungal diseases and reduced yield. Wet conditions can also lead to lodging, where the wheat plants fall over due to weakened stems.
5. Hot and humid climate: Wheat cultivation is generally not recommended in hot and humid climates. High temperatures and humidity can negatively impact wheat growth and development, leading to reduced yield and quality.

43. Which of the following is the purpose of extension education in rural areas?

(1) To introduce new crops

(2) To organize social functions

(3) To ascertain cropping intensity

(4) To organize savings camps

(5) To develop rural leadership

Answer:

Option (5): To develop rural leadership

Explanation:

Extension education plays a crucial role in disseminating agricultural knowledge, promoting modern farming techniques, and enhancing the overall socio-economic development of rural communities. Let’s analyze each option:

1. To introduce new crops: While introducing new crops may be a component of extension education, its primary purpose is broader and encompasses various aspects of agricultural development beyond crop introduction.
2. To organize social functions: Social functions may be organized as part of community engagement efforts, but they are not the primary purpose of extension education, which focuses more on agricultural education and development.
3. To ascertain cropping intensity: While extension education may involve providing guidance on cropping practices, its primary purpose is not to ascertain cropping intensity but rather to promote sustainable agricultural practices and enhance farmers’ knowledge and skills.
4. To organize savings camps: While financial literacy and savings may be important topics covered in extension education programs, the primary purpose of extension education is not to organize savings camps but rather to empower rural communities through education and training.
5. To develop rural leadership: This is the correct answer. One of the key objectives of extension education in rural areas is to develop rural leadership by empowering individuals within the community to take on leadership roles, participate in decision-making processes, and drive local development initiatives. Developing leadership skills among rural residents helps foster self-reliance, community cohesion, and sustainable development.

45. Which of the following land types deserves sprinkler irrigation?

(1) Dry land

(2) Fragmented land

(3) Wet land

(4) Land types of Hilly areas

(5) Land types of humid regions

Answer:

Option (1): Dry land

Explanation:

Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying water to crops in the form of spray or droplets. It is particularly suitable for areas where water availability is limited or where efficient water use is essential. Let’s evaluate each option:

1. Dry land: This is the correct answer. Sprinkler irrigation is well-suited for dry land areas where water scarcity is a concern. It helps optimize water use by delivering water directly to the root zone of crops, reducing water wastage through evaporation or runoff.
2. Fragmented land: Fragmented land refers to land that is divided into smaller parcels or plots. While sprinkler irrigation can be used on fragmented land, its suitability depends more on other factors such as soil type, crop type, and topography.
3. Wet land: Wetlands are areas where the soil is saturated with water, and excess water is present on the surface. Sprinkler irrigation is not suitable for wetlands as they already have sufficient water, and additional irrigation may lead to waterlogging and other issues.
4. Land types of Hilly areas: Sprinkler irrigation can be challenging to implement in hilly areas due to the terrain and slope. Other irrigation methods such as drip irrigation or terracing may be more suitable for hilly terrain.
5. Land types of humid regions: Sprinkler irrigation may not be as necessary in humid regions where rainfall is abundant and water availability is not a major concern. However, in certain cases where water distribution is uneven or irrigation infrastructure is lacking, sprinkler irrigation may still be beneficial.

46. Agricultural engineering generally comprises four branches. Which of the following is not one of them?

(1) Farm implements and Power

(2) Rural electricity

(3) Cold storage

(4) Soil conservation, drainage and irrigation

(5) Rural structures

Answer:

Option (3): Cold storage

Explanation:

Agricultural engineering is a branch of engineering that applies engineering principles to agricultural production and processing. While there are several sub-disciplines within agricultural engineering, the branches typically include the following:

1. Farm implements and Power: This branch involves the design, development, and maintenance of farm machinery and equipment, as well as power systems used in agriculture, such as tractors, harvesters, and irrigation pumps.
2. Rural electricity: This branch focuses on providing electricity and electrical systems for rural areas, including electrification of farms, rural households, and agricultural infrastructure.
3. Cold storage: Cold storage is not traditionally considered a branch of agricultural engineering. While it is an important aspect of post-harvest handling and storage of agricultural produce, it is more closely related to food technology and refrigeration engineering.
4. Soil conservation, drainage, and irrigation: This branch deals with the management of soil and water resources in agriculture, including techniques for soil conservation, land reclamation, drainage systems, and various methods of irrigation to optimize water use efficiency.
5. Rural structures: This branch involves the design and construction of various structures required in rural areas, such as farm buildings, storage facilities, irrigation structures, and rural infrastructure like roads and bridges.

47. Which of the following activities is not included in animal husbandry?

(1) Purchase and rearing of pigs

(2) Purchase and rearing of cattle

(3) Purchase of milk

(4) Purchase and rearing of goat

(5) Purchase and rearing of cow

Answer:

Option (3): Purchase of milk

Explanation:

Animal husbandry refers to the branch of agriculture concerned with the care, breeding, and management of domestic animals, primarily for their useful products such as meat, milk, wool, or work. Let’s analyze each option:

1. Purchase and rearing of pigs: This activity falls under animal husbandry. Pigs are domesticated animals raised for their meat (pork) and other products.
2. Purchase and rearing of cattle: Cattle rearing is a fundamental aspect of animal husbandry. Cattle are raised for various purposes, including meat (beef), milk, and as draft animals for work.
3. Purchase of milk: This activity is not typically considered part of animal husbandry. While milk is a product of animal husbandry, the act of purchasing milk does not involve the direct management or rearing of animals.
4. Purchase and rearing of goat: Rearing goats is part of animal husbandry. Goats are raised for meat, milk, and other products, and goat farming is an integral component of animal husbandry practices.
5. Purchase and rearing of cow: Rearing cows is a central aspect of animal husbandry. Cows are raised primarily for milk production, as well as for meat (beef) and other by-products.

48. Which among the following components of organic matter present in soil is the most resistant to decomposition?

(1) Oxygen

(2) Starch

(4) Humus

(3) Cellulose

(5) None of these

Answer:

Option (4): Humus

Explanation:

Organic matter in soil comprises various components derived from plant and animal residues, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and lignin. Among these components, humus is the most resistant to decomposition.

Here’s why:

1. Oxygen: Oxygen is not a component of organic matter present in soil. It is a gas required for aerobic decomposition processes but is not itself a component of organic matter.
2. Starch: Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate found in plant tissues. While it is a source of energy for microorganisms involved in decomposition, it is more readily decomposed compared to humus.
3. Cellulose: Cellulose is another polysaccharide carbohydrate and a major component of plant cell walls. It is relatively resistant to decomposition due to its complex structure, but it is not as resistant as humus.
4. Humus: Humus is a complex, amorphous organic substance formed by the decomposition of plant and animal residues over time. It is highly resistant to further decomposition and can persist in soil for long periods, contributing to soil fertility, structure, and water-holding capacity.

49. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) is

(1) Growth promoter

(2) Molecular marker

(3) Growth retardant

(5) Germicide

(4) Herbicide

Answer:

Option (2): Molecular marker

Explanation:

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique used in molecular biology to detect variations in DNA sequences. It is a type of genetic marker that identifies differences in the lengths of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA.

Here’s why it’s a molecular marker:

1. Molecular marker: RFLP is widely used as a molecular marker in genetic studies, particularly in mapping genes and determining genetic relationships among individuals or populations. By analyzing the patterns of DNA fragments generated by RFLP analysis, researchers can identify genetic variations, including polymorphisms, within and between species.
2. Growth promoter: RFLP is not a growth promoter. Growth promoters are substances or compounds that stimulate growth or development in living organisms, typically used in agriculture or animal husbandry.
3. Growth retardant: RFLP is not a growth retardant. Growth retardants are chemicals used to inhibit or slow down the growth of plants, often employed in horticulture to control plant height or flowering time.
4. Herbicide: RFLP is not a herbicide. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of unwanted plants, commonly known as weeds.
5. Germicide: RFLP is not a germicide. Germicides are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

50. An example of Single Cell Protein is

(1) Agar agar 

(2) Spirulina 

(3) Rhizobium 

(4) Acetobacter

(5) Salmonella

Answer:

Option (2): Spirulina

Explanation:

Single Cell Protein (SCP) refers to protein-rich biomass derived from microbial sources, typically single-celled microorganisms, which can serve as a valuable protein source for human or animal consumption. Among the options provided, Spirulina is an example of Single Cell Protein.

Here’s why:

1. Agar agar: Agar agar is a gelatinous substance extracted from seaweed, commonly used as a gelling agent in food preparation and microbiological culture media. It is not a microbial protein source.
2. Spirulina: Spirulina is a blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) that grows naturally in alkaline lakes and is cultivated commercially for its high protein content. It is considered a valuable source of Single Cell Protein and is used as a dietary supplement for humans and animal feed.
3. Rhizobium: Rhizobium is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, such as peas, beans, and clover, in which they convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized by the plants. While Rhizobium is important in agriculture for nitrogen fixation, it is not considered a source of Single Cell Protein.
4. Acetobacter: Acetobacter is a genus of bacteria known for its ability to oxidize ethanol into acetic acid, which is the basis for vinegar production. It is not used as a source of Single Cell Protein.
5. Salmonella: Salmonella is a genus of bacteria known for causing foodborne illnesses in humans and animals. It is not a source of Single Cell Protein.

IBPS AFO Mains Previous Year Paper 2024 pdf

IBPS AFO 2023 Mains Question With Explanation

ibps afo mains previous year paper 2012